Description Boilers are systems which generate steam which consists of two principal parts: the furnace which provides heat usually by burning a fuel and the...
Description Water is required to be cooled for many processes for example air conditioners manufacturing processes or power generation etc. A cooling tower is used...
Description Water contaminated with bacteria is a major cause of water-borne disease in humans. Enteric diseases like diarrhoea dysentery typhoid paratyphoid gastroenteritis cholera etc. are...
Description Nirifying bacteria are autotrophic and are responsible for the conversion of Ammonia to Nitrates. These then produce Nitric Acid. Some of the Species can...
Description Algae the plant like microorganisms are prolific invaders of the open exposed parts of cooling systems such as the tower and the pond areas....
Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) are those bacteria that can obtain energy by oxidizing organic compounds or molecular hydrogen while reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide. They...
Description Vibrio cholera is the causative agent of cholera that occurs naturally in water and transmitted primarily through faeces and sewage polluted drinking water and...
Description Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is defined as the amount of a specific oxidant that reacts with the sample under controlled conditions. The quantities of...
Description Chromate is produced in pickling and plating operations anodizing aluminium leather tanning manufacturing of paints dyes and explosives. Chromate is used to inhibit corrosion...
Description Chlorine is the most widely used oxidizing biocide today for the disinfection of domestic water supplies as also for the removal of tastes and...
Description Chlorine is the most widely used oxidizing biocide today for disinfection of domestic water supplies as also for the removal of tastes and odours...
Description Chlorine is the most widely used oxidizing biocide today for disinfection of domestic water supplies as also for the removal of tastes and odours...
Description Chlorine is the most widely used oxidizing biocide today for disinfection of domestic water supplies as also for the removal of tastes and odours...
Description Chlorine dioxide is a broad-spectrum micro biocide effective over a wide ph range. Chlorine dioxide is effectively used in the control of microbiological growths...
Description Chlorine dioxide is a broad-spectrum micro biocide effective over a wide ph range. Chlorine dioxide is effectively used in the control of microbiological growths...
Description Chloride ions are one of the major inorganic anions in water and wastewater. Although high concentrations of chloride in water are not known to...
Description Chloride ions are one of the major inorganic anions in water and wastewater. Although high concentrations of chloride in water are not known to...
Description Chloride ions are one of the major inorganic anions in water and wastewater. Although high concentrations of chloride in water are not known to...
Description Carbon dioxide can react with water to form carbonic acid (h2co3). Carbonic acid will cause corrosion in steam and return lines. Carbon dioxide can...
Description Calcium hardness is caused by the presence of calcium ions in the water. Calcium salts can be readily precipitated from water and high levels...
Description Calcium hardness is caused by the presence of calcium ions in the water. Calcium salts can be readily precipitated from water and high levels...
Description Bromine substances are disinfectants and can be used as an alternative for chlorine. In swimming pools and bromine is used against the formation and...
Description Arsenic in drinking-water is a hazard to human health. The main source of arsenic in drinking-water is arsenic-rich rocks through which the water has...
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